Summary ch.1 part 1 chemistry 3rd secondary

Transition Elements

Transition elements are:

Main Transition (d-block): These elements are found in the d-block of the periodic table.

Inner Transition (f-block): These elements are found in the f-block of the periodic table, which includes the lanthanides and actinides.

 

الأرقام اللاتينية:

I = 1

II = 2

III = 3

IV = 4

V = 5

VI = 6

VII = 7

VIII = 8

 

—

d-block (Transition Elements)

Location: Found in the middle section of the periodic table.

Divided into four series:

1. First Transition Series (3d series): Scandium (Sc21) to Zinc (Zn30), located in the 4th period.

 

2. Second Transition Series (4d series): Yttrium (Y39) to Cadmium (Cd48), located in the 5th period.

 

3. Third Transition Series (5d series): Lanthanum (La57) to Mercury (Hg80), located in the 6th period.

 

4. Fourth Transition Series (6d series).

 

Note: عمود رقـــم (8,9,10) كـــاليةم جروب واحد اسمه (group 8).

 

—

Elements in First Transition Series

أعلــى النسبة وجود Fe.

أقل النسبة وجود Sc.

 

Applications of Scandium:

1. Scandium-Aluminum Alloy: Described as “light and very hard,” used in “Mig fighter jets.”

 

2. Scandium in Mercury Vapor Lamps: Used “to produce strong light like sunlight,” making it suitable for “TV photography at night.”

 

 

—

2) Titanium (Ti22)

Properties: Strong like steel but with lower density.

Applications:

1. Titanium-Aluminum alloys are used in the manufacture of aircraft and space shuttles because they maintain their durability at high temperatures.

 

2. Dental Implants and Artificial Joints: Used in these applications because titanium is an inert element, meaning the body does not readily reject it, and it is non-poisonous.

 

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2):

Applications: Sun Protection Cosmetics: Used in sunscreens and other cosmetics because its nanoparticles prevent the effect of ultraviolet (UV) rays on the skin, acting as a physical barrier to reflect and scatter UV radiation.

 

—

3) Uses of Vanadium

1. Vanadium (Ferrovanadium Alloy with Steel): Used in car springs because adding a small amount of Vanadium to the steel gives hardness and ability to resist corrosion (rust).

 

2. Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5):

Used in dyes for glass and ceramics.

Used as a catalyst in the manufacture of strong magnetic conductors.

 

 

—

4) Summary of the Notes on Chromium

Uses of Chromium:

1. Leather Tanning.

 

2. Metal Painting (plating): Chromium is used in metal plating and painting due to its chemical activity and resistance to atmospheric air, due to “passivity.”

 

Passivity:

Definition: Formation of a non-porous layer of metal oxide which prevents further oxidation, corrosion, and rust of the underlying metal.

 

Compounds of Chromium:

1. Chromium (III) Oxide (Cr₂O₃): Used in dyes.

 

2. Potassium Dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇): Used as an oxidizing agent

—

5) Manganese (Mn) (االيةش)

Properties:

Manganese is a brittle metal and is not used in its pure form in industries because of this property.

Instead, it is predominantly used as an alloy or a component within compounds.

 

Uses of Manganese Alloys:

1. Ferro Manganese Alloy (Steel + Manganese): Used in railway tracks because the addition of manganese makes steel harder and stronger than steel.

 

2. Manganese with Aluminum Alloy: Used in soft drink cans due to its ability to resist corrosion.